Handicap A handicap refers to the disadvantage for an individual that restricts and limits any activity. It is the result of impairment and disability. It is not a characteristic of a person. It defines the relationship between the person and the environment.
There can be more than one disability in a person. The most common disabilities in the society generally are deafness and autism. There are various causes due to which disabilities occur, some of which are: Masculinity, Femininity, Poverty, and Disasters.
Socially, there are huge and big organizations like WHO World Health Organization , which are involved for the cause to cure and help the disable person.
Impairment is a cause of Disability. It can be stated as the basic root cause of any disability. Impairment can relate to the permanent or temporary loss of functioning of an organ. Consider the following. A person who is born blind the impairment is unable to read printed material, which is how most information is widely disseminated the disability.
If this person is prevented from attending school or applying for a job because of this impairment and disability, this is a handicap. This person may be able to perform the daily activity reading using some type of assistive technology to overcome this handicap.
Relationships do not guarantee particular responses Bury goes on to describe how the experience of chronic illness leads to a loss of confidence in the body, and from this follows a loss of confidence in social interaction or self-identity; a process he terms 'biographical disruption '.
This concept bringing into focus the meaning of illness for the individual, as well as the settings in which it occurs. The meanings of chronic illness are not simply personal. Rather than focusing on the 'problems' associated with living with a chronic illness, Bury emphasises the potential for an active coping response to chronic illness utilising Corbin and Strauss's notion of 'comeback'.
This concept has two dimensions: the 'physical' which refers to the active work as against a passive response engaged in by the patient when undergoing medical treatment and rehabilitation; and the 'biographical' which is the attempt by the patient to reconnect their life prior to diagnosis with the present and future. Bury employs the term 'coping' in its relativistic sense, that is in terms of different kinds of adaptation rather than the normative use of 'successful' or 'unsuccessful' responses to living with a chronic illness.
The diagnosis of chronic illness produces a crisis which, " throws people out of ordinary life, order becomes disorder, the controllable becomes uncontrollable, the understandable becomes unfathomable " Charmaz Such uncertainty can also be thought of in relation to three distinct questions or problems arise for many patients following their diagnosis. Firstly, the problem of cause, when people ask themselves the question ' Why me and why now?
Secondly, with the difficulties associated with maintaining normal social functioning, associated with the question of ' What should I do now? Integrating the Biological and the Social in an understanding of Chronic illness. Over the past few years there has been a debate within medical sociology as to how best to acknowledge the centrality of the body for our sense of self-identity, into an understanding of the social experience of health and illness. Traditionally, sociological approaches played down the physical experience of chronic illness, which reflected the primary concern of the discipline with the interrelationship between social actors agency and social structures.
Thus, the physical manifestations of illness were seen as the concern of other disciplines, i. Kelly and Field's work has sought to find ways to explore the nature and status of physical impairments without falling into a simplistic dichotomising of the biological and social. They adopt the position that social identity and self-conception are central to human social conduct, and that both are crucially related to the body.
The most obvious way in which the physical body influences social life is in the way bodily appearance becomes central to social identity.
They are also social facts for the individual because the individual sufferer is aware of, and has to take steps to cope with, that physical reality ' Kelly and Field According to the social model of disability, people are disabled by societal barriers rather than through impairments Oliver, Unlike the indices described above, which focus on individual factors in disability and handicap, the social model considers environmental and cultural barriers to the social inclusion of people with impairments.
Environmental barriers include a lack of disabled access to buildings, e. Cultural barriers include perceptions of and attitudes towards people with impairments, e.
This may contribute to environmental barriers by affecting the implementation of modifications or facilities to mitigate the effects of impairment — for example, the assumption that a person in a wheelchair would not attend certain events may prevent adaptations being made to a venue.
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