Nevertheless, current evidence indicates a KD consistently improves quality of life in cancer patients and in particular reduces the gastrointestinal and neurological side effects of existing cancer therapies The use of a ketogenic diet as an adjuvant to chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and other cancer treatments will continue to be an area of exploration. Figure 3: Hypothetical mechanisms by which a ketogenic diet impairs tumor growth.
Early evidence suggests a ketogenic diet or artificial elevation of serum ketones by use of ketone supplements may temporarily restore cognitive function in patients in the early stages of neurodegenerative disease However, there is little data to support this theory. The KD has also been proposed as a treatment for fatty liver disease, as the carbohydrate restriction associated with a KD leads to rapid clearance of liver fat stores Notably, use of a KD to treat NAFLD may lead to a virtuous cycle, as a liver free of fat is able to more quickly initiate ketosis in response to insulin suppression than a fattier liver.
Minimal data, mostly drawn from children, has suggested long-term adherence to a KD may be associated with increased risk of fractures, kidney stones, and delayed growth However, this same evidence suggests these side effects may be the result of poorly constructed ketogenic diets that lead to vitamin D deficiency and similar conditions and may not be inherent in the diet itself.
Overall, this review provides evidence that supports the use of a KD in a variety of inflammatory conditions, cancers, and neurological disorders. Research studying the ketogenic diet remains limited, but the KD remains a promising option for conditions in which defects in glycolysis, cellular energy homeostasis, or inflammation play a role.
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Notes Hepatic ketogenic insufficiency reprograms hepatic glycogen metabolism and the lipidome ; Regulation of ketone body metabolism and the role of PPARa Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry Ketone bodies as signaling metabolites Pathways and control of ketone body metabolism: On the fringe of lipid biochemistry Ibid.
Effects of the ketogenic diet in the glucose transporter 1 deficiency syndrome ; Introduction of a ketogenic diet in young infants ; A mouse model for Glut-1 hapolinsufficiency Efficacy of ketogenic diet for pyruvate dehydrogenase complex deficiency Outcome of pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency treated with ketogenic diets: Studies in patients with identical mutations ; Ketogenic diets for drug-resistant epilepsy ; Modified ketogenic diets in adults with refractory epilepsy: Efficacious improvements in seizure frequency, seizure severity, and quality of life ; How often is antiseizure drug-free ketogenic diet therapy achieved?
Other amino acids can only be converted to either acetyl-CoA or acetoacetyl-CoA, which cannot be used for gluconeogenesis. However, acetyl-CoA or acetoacetyl-CoA can be used for ketogenesis to synthesize the ketone bodies, acetone and acetoacetate. Thus, these amino acids are instead termed ketogenic green. Fatty acids and ketogenic amino acids cannot be used to synthesize glucose.
The transition reaction is a one-way reaction, meaning that acetyl-CoA cannot be converted back to pyruvate. Even if acetyl-CoA enters the citric acid cycle, the carbons from it will eventually be completely oxidized and given off as CO2. The net result is that these carbons are not readily available to serve as keto-acids or carbon skeletons for amino acid synthesis.
Vitamin C Ascorbic Acid : Used in many reactions, primarily as a reducing agent. Noel Sturm Ala , Gly. Arg , His. Asn , Met. Asp, Pro. Cys , Ser. Gln , Thr.
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