In the US, meanwhile, Vernon and Irene Castle, who had danced a somewhat de-sexualized tango in Paris supper clubs, were still contending with puritanical U. By Rudolf Valentino had established as a world-wide sensation by dancing it in The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse. Before the decade ended, the dashing Carlos Gardel had turned the tango into a vehicle for passionate vocal expression, the toast of Buenos Aires and Paris.
French colonial forces had overtaken most of Southeast Asia by the s and by the turn-of-the-century, with the aid of the Church, had instituted a French-focused school system that inculcated Western cultural values.
Hanoi and Saigon had their European-style opera houses. The generations of French-speaking Vietnamese reaching adulthood in the s and s embraced Western musical forms including both Latin American and French genres. It was a devastating colonial blow to Vietnamese musical traditions that, increasingly, many Vietnamese musicians felt their own songs to be weak and dull compared to the vigorous and varied melodies that emerged from military bands and the new recordings and films featuring stars such as Maurice Chevalier and Josephine Baker.
You might have seen the French film Indochine. One of the earliest scenes shows middle-aged, impeccably elegant Eliane Catherine Deneuve , a rubber plantation owner, dancing the tango with her adopted Vietnamese daughter Camille Linh Dan Pham. The scene conveys multiple levels of the colonial relationship in the few moments of their diversion: Eliane is leading, la gloire de la France is in control even when the pair collapses on the couch, laughing, then jumps up to tango again.
For this type of dynamic, the rhumba or the cha-cha-cha would not do. In Buenos Aires, Paris, and Indochina, the tango had emerged as a daring dance about domination and obsession with a love object, about distance within intimacy. Only the tango would do. The first attempts to marry French-style music to the tonal Vietnamese language were awkward but eventually satisfactory products pleased the listening public. Better still, when Vietnamese composers began creating original Western-style melodies they could more easily interlock with Vietnamese lyrics, it was then possible to infuse these new compositional forms with Vietnamese meanings and nuances such that an actual appropriation of form by the Vietnamese now was taking place.
From this fusion came a plethora of Vietnamese tango songs and instrumentals that are performed in the diaspora today. Much of the Western-style music found safe haven in the refugee camps of the Philippines, where Vietnamese migrants facing an uncertain future nurtured nostalgia for music of the French-influenced culture, especially the slow, sad songs. However, since the lifting of the trade embargo by the U. Tango is happy in Hanoi once again. Decades later, immigrant communities of the Vietnamese diaspora in New Jersey and California still animate their cultural celebrations such as Tet, the spring New Year festival, with bands playing Latin American ballroom dances, tango included.
While the message is overall life-affirming, the lyrics are tinged with sadness. One presents scenes from traditional Vietnamese village life, a world to which the immigrant can never return; hence, it is designed to evoke bittersweet nostalgia. A second video backdrop is set in contemporary Southern California and presents the joys of a young teenage couple coming together to stroll along the beach and contemplate a happy future together.
Both videos are idealizations: one of the lost past, another of a present and future in which there is no obstacle that cannot be overcome. Upper layers in the same site gave evidence of transition to Neolithic, containing the earliest dated earthenware ceramics in Cambodia. Archeological records for the period between Holocene and Iron Age remain equally limited. Other prehistoric sites of somewhat uncertain date are Samrong Sen not far from the ancient capital of Udong , where the first investigations began in , and Phum Snay , in the northern province of Banteay Meanchey.
Prehistoric artifacts are often found during mining activities in Ratanakiri. However, the most curious prehistoric evidence in Cambodia are the various "circular earthworks" discovered in the red soils near Memot and in the adjacent region of Vietnam in the latter s. Their function and age are still debated, but some of them possibly date from 2nd millennium BC at least. A pivotal event in Cambodian prehistory was the slow penetration of the first rice farmers from the north, which began in the late 3rd millennium BC.
Iron was worked by about BC, with supporting evidence coming from the Khorat Plateau, in modern day Thailand. In Cambodia, some Iron Age settlements were found beneath Baksei Chamkrong and other Angkorian temples while circular earthworks, were found beneath Lovea a few kilometers north-west of Angkor. Burials, much richer than other types of finds, testify to improvement of food availability and trade even on long distances: in the 4th century BC trade relations with India were already opened and the existence of a social structure and labor organization.
During the 3rd, 4th, and 5th centuries, the Indianized states of Funan and its successor, Chenla, coalesced in present-day Cambodia and southwestern Vietnam. For more than 2, years, Cambodia absorbed influences from India, passing them on to other Southeast Asian civilizations that are now Thailand and Laos. Little else is known for certain of these polities, however Chinese chronicles and tribute records do make mention of them.
The chronicles suggest that after Jayavarman I of Chenla died around , turmoil ensued which resulted in division of the kingdom into Land Chenla and Water Chenla which was loosely ruled by weak princes under the dominion of Java. The Khmer Empire grew out of these remnants of Chenla becoming firmly established in when Jayavarman II reigned c declared independence from Java and proclaimed himself a Devaraja. He and his followers instituted the cult of the God-king and began a series of conquests that formed an empire which flourished in the area from the 9th to the 15th centuries.
The religion spread and eventually displaced Hinduism and Mahayana Buddhism as the popular religion of Angkor. The Khmer Empire was Southeast Asia's largest empire during the 12th century. The empire's center of power was Angkor, where a series of capitals was constructed during the empire's zenith. In an international team of researchers using satellite photographs and other modern techniques concluded that Angkor had been the largest pre-industrial city in the world with an urban sprawl of 1, square miles.
The city, which could have supported a population of up to one million people and Angkor Wat, the most well known and best-preserved religious temple at the site, still serve as reminders of Cambodia's past as a major regional power. The empire, though in decline, remained a significant force in the region until its fall in the 15th century.
After a long series of wars with neighboring kingdoms, Angkor was sacked by the Ayutthaya Kingdom and abandoned in because of ecological failure and infrastructure breakdown. This led to a period of economic, social, and cultural stagnation when the kingdom's internal affairs came increasingly under the control of its neighbors. By this time, the Khmer penchant for monument building had ceased.
Older faiths such as Mahayana Buddhism and the Hindu cult of the god-king had been supplanted by Theravada Buddhism for good. The court moved the capital to Longvek where the kingdom sought to regain its glory through maritime trade. Portuguese and Spanish travelers described the city as a place of flourishing wealth and foreign trade.
The attempt was short-lived however, as continued wars with Ayutthaya and the Vietnamese resulted in the loss of more territory and Longvek being conquered and destroyed by King Naresuan the Great of Ayutthaya in A new Khmer capital was established at Udong south of Longvek in , but its monarchs could survive only by entering into what amounted to alternating vassal relationships with the Siamese and Vietnamese for the next three centuries with only a few short-lived periods of relative independence.
In the nineteenth century a renewed struggle between Siam and Vietnam for control of Cambodia resulted in a period when Vietnamese officials attempted to force the Khmers to adopt Vietnamese customs.
This led to several rebellions against the Vietnamese and appeals to Thailand for assistance. The Siamese—Vietnamese War — ended with an agreement to place the country under joint suzerainty. In , King Norodom, who had been installed by Thailand, sought the protection of France from the Thai and Vietnamese after tensions grew between them.
In , the Thai king signed a treaty with France, renouncing suzerainty over Cambodia in exchange for the control of Battambang and Siem Reap provinces which officially became part of Thailand. The provinces were ceded back to Cambodia by a border treaty between France and Thailand in Cambodia continued as a protectorate of France from to , administered as part of the colony of French Indochina, though occupied by the Japanese empire from to Between and , the total population increased from about , to 5.
After King Norodom's death in , France manipulated the choice of king, and Sisowath, Norodom's brother, was placed on the throne. The throne became vacant in with the death of Monivong, Sisowath's son, and France passed over Monivong's son, Monireth, feeling he was too independently minded.
Instead, Norodom Sihanouk, a maternal grand-son of king Sisowath was enthroned. The French thought young Sihanouk would be easy to control. They were wrong, however, and under the reign of King Norodom Sihanouk, Cambodia gained independence from France on November 9, Cambodia became a constitutional monarchy under King Norodom Sihanouk. When French Indochina was given independence, Cambodia lost hope of regaining control over the Mekong Delta as it was awarded to Vietnam.
Formerly part of the Khmer Empire, the area had been controlled by the Vietnamese since , with King Chey Chettha II granting Vietnamese permission to settle in the area decades before. This remains a diplomatic sticking point with over one million ethnic Khmers the Khmer Krom still living in this region. The Khmer Rouge attempted invasions to recover the territory which, in part, led to Vietnam's invasion of Cambodia and usurpation of the Khmer Rouge. In , Sihanouk abdicated in favor of his father in order to participate in politics and was elected prime minister.
Upon his father's death in , Sihanouk again became head of state, taking the title of prince. As the Vietnam War progressed, Sihanouk adopted an official policy of neutrality in the Cold War, although he was widely considered to be sympathetic to the communist cause. Sihanouk allowed the Vietnamese communists to use Cambodia as a sanctuary and a supply route for their arms and other aid to their armed forces fighting in South Vietnam.
This policy was perceived as humiliating by many Cambodians. In December Washington Post journalist Stanley Karnow was told by Sihanouk that if the US wanted to bomb the Vietnamese communist sanctuaries, he would not object, unless Cambodians were killed.
So the US had no real motivation to overthrow Sihanouk. However, members of the government and army, who resented Sihanouk's ruling style as well as his tilt away from the United States, did have such a motivation.
There is no evidence of any US role in the coup. However, once the coup was completed, the new regime, which immediately demanded that the Vietnamese communists leave Cambodia, gained the political support of the United States. The North Vietnamese and Viet Cong forces, desperate to retain their sanctuaries and supply lines from North Vietnam, immediately launched armed attacks on the new government. The king urged his followers to help in overthrowing this government, hastening the onset of civil war, Soon the Khmer Rouge rebels began using him to gain support.
However, from until early , the Cambodian conflict was largely one between the government and army of Cambodia, and the armed forces of North Vietnam.
As they gained control of Cambodian territory, the Vietnamese communists imposed a new political infrastructure, which was eventually dominated by the Cambodian communists we now refer to as the Khmer Rouge. So the Vietnamese communists played a vital role in the rise of the Khmer Rouge. Between and , Republic of Vietnam forces and U. Some two million Cambodians were made refugees by the war and by the terrorist policies of the Khmer Rouge, and fled to Phnom Penh.
Estimates of the number of Cambodians killed during the bombing campaigns vary widely, as do views of the effects of the bombing.
The U. Seventh Air Force argued that the bombing prevented the fall of Phnom Penh in by killing 16, of 25, Khmer Rouge fighters besieging the city. Chandler and Ben Kiernan argued that the bombing drove peasants to join the Khmer Rouge.
Cambodia specialist Craig Etcheson argued that the Khmer Rouge "would have won anyway", even without U. American diplomat Timothy M. Carney argued that the five reasons why Pol Pot won the war were: support from Sihanouk, massive supplies of military aid from North Vietnam, government corruption, the U. Not one of them in his opinion was the U. The report predicted that. Slave labour and starvation rations for half the nation's people probably heaviest among those who supported the republic will be a cruel necessity for this year, and general deprivation and suffering will stretch over the next two or three years before Cambodia can get back to rice self-sufficiency".
The Khmer Rouge reached Phnom Penh and took power in The regime, led by Pol Pot, changed the official name of the country to Democratic Kampuchea. The regime immediately evacuated the cities and sent the entire population on forced marches to rural work projects. They attempted to rebuild the country's agriculture on the model of the 11th century, discarded Western medicine, and destroyed temples, libraries, and anything considered Western.
At least a million Cambodians, out of a total population of 8 million, died from executions, overwork, starvation and disease. Estimates as to how many people were killed by the Khmer Rouge regime range from approximately one to three million; the most commonly cited figure is two million about one-third of the population. This era gave rise to the term Killing Fields, and the prison Tuol Sleng became notorious for its history of mass killing. Hundreds of thousands fled across the border into neighbouring Thailand.
The regime disproportionately targeted ethnic minority groups. The Cham Muslims suffered serious purges with as much as half of their population exterminated. In the late s, an estimated , ethnic Chinese lived in Cambodia, but, by , due to Khmer Rouge killings and to emigration, only about 61, Chinese remained in the country. Forced repatriation in and deaths during the Khmer Rouge era reduced the Vietnamese population in Cambodia from between , and , in to a reported 56, in However, most of the victims of the Khmer Rouge regime were not ethnic minorities but ethnic Khmer.
Professionals, such as doctors, lawyers and teachers, were also targeted. According to Robert D. Kaplan, "eyeglasses were as deadly as the yellow star" as they were seen as a sign of intellectualism. It was fully beholden to the occupying Vietnamese army and under direction of the Vietnamese ambassador to Phnom Penh.
Users say. Menus might flirt with lesser-known characters but those two always take the feature roles. Now, a basement- level eatery in Lippo Plaza is shifting the spotlight. No big surprise. You will see students or visitors passing by and touching the turtles to bring them good luck and culture. In Hanoi you can visit a Multitude of temples Den , pagodas and communal houses Dinh.
The Thanh Chuong Palace and its pagodas with red and green roofs also remains one of the places of art and culture.
When visiting Hanoi, I advise you to contact ACA Voyages, very professional and they are able to show different face of Hanoi beyond the regular tourists tracks.
The North and South of the Vietnam are very beautiful and deserve to be visited. Taste street cuisine and you will be surprised by the freshness and tastefulness of the products. ACA travel reinterprets the "classic" circuit in a new way with emphasis on authenticity and exclusivity. Change of scenery, culture, dream beaches, sporting activities or luxury dream … ACA travel creates for you an unequalled journey. Personalized service, fair prices, sincerity, respect for the environment and local customs… This is the ACA spirit.
ACA travel, consists of a team of 10 people, Western and Vietnamese, is co-chaired by two passionate people, Christian Deville , aged 35, founder and president, arrived about 8 years ago and never left Vietnam… and Jean-Yves Blanc , 42, General Director, active in tourism since Discovered this destination in , and decided to stay in Two personalities: Christian the creative one, vietnamophone, inexhaustible on the history and culture of Vietnam , will find you a little-known ancient pagoda or the deserted beach stretch you dream of…He is "the architect" of your dreams, and also the master of operational logistics.
Jean-Yves is responsible for the commercial and promotional activities of the agency and the relations with suppliers and partners. This sympathetic duo will seduce you and undoubtedly you meet them during your trip. How contact them: Christian Deville: christian. Tel: An intermediate class between the economy and business called "classe Eco-de-Luxe" with personal service video, video games, computer connection , featuring 54 seats, separated 1 m.
To do: -The first thing to do is probably the Hoan Kiem Lake, a wonderful location with the small charming bridge. Take a stroll under the trees and sit down for a large ice-coffee. Each village has its own shops and you can buy half price in comparison to Hanoi. You can book a trip on a junk boat and experience its natural beauty: limestone cliffs that emerge from the deep marine shallow waters.
0コメント